Major issues involved in the sino Indian boundary conflicts |Geography of India| UPSC Geography Paper 2

China's policy on the Indian boundary is based on the Palm and five-finger of China. As per China, Tibet is the palm of China and it has five fingers; that is:

• Ladakh
• Nepal
• Sikkim
• Bhutan
• Arunachal Pradesh

As of now China has already Tibet (palm), now they are working to control five fingers.
Entire Sino India boundaries are stretched in 4,056 Km from Ladakh in the west to Arunachal Pradesh in the east.
The following are the Indian state and Union territories' border shared with China:

• Ladakh
• Uttarakhand
• Himachal Pradesh
• Sikkim
• Arunachal Pradesh.

Sino Indian Boundary Disputes

The border of Sino India van be divided into three parts:

• Western Sector
• Middle Sector
• Eastern Sector

Western Sector

The Boundary line with Ladakh  Union Territory is called the western part of the Sino-India boundary.

It is approximately 2,152 Km.
There are two disputes in the Western sector:

• Shaksgam Valley
• Askai chin

Shaksgam Valley: 

• Shaksgam Valley was sold to China by Pakistan in 1963 but it is our territory.

Askai chin:

• Askai chin controlled by China after the 1962 war but it is our territory.
• As per Johnson Line created in 1865, Aksai chin was shown to Indian territory.
• As per MacDonald's line, Aksai chin was shown to China's sides of territory.
• India considers Johnson's line is correct but China rejects and considers McDonald's line is correct.

Middle Sector:

• It is about 625 km in Uttarakhand and the Himachal  Pradesh States.
• No major disputes on either side.

Eastern part:

• As per the Macmohan line, Arunachal Pradesh is part of Indian territory. The Macmohan line was created in 1914 on the Simala accord.
• China rejects the Macmohan line and claims Arunachal Pradesh as part of China.

After 1962, the LAC line of actual control was created informally.

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