Discuss the heartland theory presented by Mackinder.
( UPPSC, UP PCS, 2019, 15 Marks)
मैकेंडर द्वारा प्रस्तुत हृदयस्थल सिद्धांत पर विवेचना कीजिये।
Answer.
Heartland's theory is a geopolitical theory. The theory was coined in 1904 by Mackinder. As per the theory, the continuous struggle for power can be seen between Continental power and Ocean power, and the ultimate victory would be for continental power because of having a geographical advantage.
Mackinder divided the world into five major land masses based on geopolitical strategies.
- The heartland of Pivot Area
- World Island
- Inner crescent or Marginal Cresent
- Offshore Islands
- Outer Crescent
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| Mackinder's Heartland Theory |
The Heartland or Pivot Area:
- The Heartland landmass is comprised of the central part of Eurasia and surrounding by mountainous fortresses on three sides and the Arctic Ocean by the North. It is not accessible by sea power as the mountain works like a fortress.
World Island:
- World Island is comprised of Eurasia and Africa which are 2/3rd of the world's area.
Inner or marginal crescent:
- The heartland is surrounded by an Inner or marginal crescent. It includes Western Europe, West Asia, Indian subcontinents, Southeast Asia, and eastern China.
Offshore Islands:
- UK and Japan
Outer or Insular Crescent:
- North America, South America, and Australia.
Summary of the theory is:
- Whoever has control of eastern Europe will rule the heartland.
- Whoever has control of the heartland will rule the world island.
- Whoever has control of the world island will rule the world.
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