Amensalism is a Biotic factor that determines the geographical limits of species. Explain.
(UPSC geography optional paper 1 2019, 10 Marks)
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Answer
No species has unlimited areas, most of them are found in limited areas.
Each species has some geographical areas and boundaries beyond boundaries they do not exist. Within their territory, they compete and live with others.
For examples,
- Fish can survive only in water, hence their geographical area is water and water( abiotic factor) decides the geographical boundary of fish
- The dog also creates its own geographical boundary by releasing urine and excreta.
- Humans can only survive in the biosphere.
The geographical boundaries of species are fixed by both biotic and abiotic factors.
Abiotic factors such as water, air, soil, and climate create the geographical boundaries of species.
Biotic factors such as symbioses interaction or long term interaction between species create the geographical boundaries of species.
The following are the type of symbioses interaction:
- Mutualism ( + +)
- Competition ( - -)
- Predation(+ -)
- Commensalism(+ 0)
- Amensalism( - 0)
Mutualism:
In Mutualism, both interactive organisms benefitted with each other.Mutualism relation between two species makes existence in particular areas.
For example, Vegetation is found where pollination found. Vegetation can not found where pollination does not exist.
Coral Reef: Dinoflagellate algae and Coral Polyps have a mutual relation and geographical area of Coral Polyps have coexisted with Dinoflagellate Algae.
Competition:
In competition, both organism get badly affected.Competition between species makes geographical limits. For example, Lion and Chittah set their boundaries for prey.
Predation:
In predation, one organism kills the other organism.Prey species does not go beyond their limit to avoid attacks. For example, Rabbit does not go beyond its limit.
Commensalism:
In commensalism, one type of organism gets benefited and other is unaffected.In the commensalism geographical area of one species is decided by other organisms.
For example, Goby fish stay on other sea animals.
Amensalims:
Amensalims is one type of biotic interaction in which:- One organism does not allow to grow or live other organisms nearby
- One organism does not harm or benefitted but other organisms get destroyed.
- Competition
- Antibiosis
Competition Amensalim:
Larger or more powerful organisms kill other organisms. For example,
- Smother crop such as Barley, sunflower does not allow the weeds to grow nearby.
One organism release chemical that kills other organisms. For example,
- There is no grass under the Black Walnut tree because it releases a Juglone chemical that kills the grass.
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