In the rainfall pattern, spatial variation of rainfall distribution of India is being studied. Indian experienced, Both temporal and spatial variations in rainfall are experienced in India. 80 % of the total annual rainfall of India is received by the southwest monsoon very short duration of time from June to September. Rest 20 % is received by winter monsoon, western disturbances, tropical cyclonic rainfall, and connection rainfall. 10 years of total rainfall in the Rajasthan region is less than the one day of rains in Cherapunji, Meghalaya.
Rainfall patterns of India:
- The heavy rainfall region has more than 200 cm of rainfall annually.
- The moderate rainfall region has annual rainfall between 100 to 200 cm.
- The low rainfall region has annual rainfall between 50 to 100 cm.
- Inadequate rainfall region having annual rainfall is less than 50 cm.
Normal rainfall:
If total rainfall between June and September is 10 percent plus-minus variation average rainfall of larger duration.
Some regions of India receive above normal, below normal, and normal. At the same time, some regions of India such as the western ghats and northeastern states received high rainfall causing floods, some regions of India such as western Indian and the shadow region of western ghats received very low rainfall causing drought.
- Discuss the major characteristics of the Indian monsoon with special emphasis on the causative factors( UPSC 1922)
- Discuss the recent theories put forward to explain the origin and mechanism of the Indian Monsoon. ( UPSC, 1994)
- Elucidate the mechanism of the Indian Monsoon( UPSC, 1999)
- Explain the Origin, Mechanism, and characteristics of the Summer Monsoon in India. ( UPSC 2002)
- Give a Critical account of the recent theories of the origin of the Indian monsoon with special reference to the Jet Stream Theory. (UPSC, 2006)
- Discuss the mechanism and origin of Monsoon winds and explain the role of El Nino on Monsoon circulation. ( UPSC, 2008)
- Discuss the mechanism of the Indian Monsoon (UPSC 2013)
- Discuss the nature and origin of the Indian monsoon and recent techniques for its prediction. ( UPSC, 2014)
- Give a reasonable account of the Unusual Pattern of Distribution of Monsoonal rainfall in India. ( UPSC, 2017)
- Why is the monsoon erratic in nature? Explain. ( UPSC 2019)
- Explain the origin, progress, and retreat of the Indian monsoon and discuss its impact on the Indian economy. (UPSC 2018, 250 words, 20 marks)
- Elaborate on the origin of monsoon with reference to thermal and recent concepts. ( UPPSC 2020)
- Origin and Mechanism of Indian Monsoon
- Rainfall Pattern of Indian Monsoon
- Jet stream theory of Monsoon
- Characteristics or Nature of Indian monsoon
- Air Mass Theory of Monsoon or ITCZ theory
- Thermal theory of monsoon by Halley
- El Nino | La Nina |SO| ENSO| IOD-Indian Ocean Dipole
- Elaborate on the origin of monsoon with reference to thermal and recent concepts.
- Recent Theory of Origin and Mechanism of Monsoon
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