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Uncategories Institutional factors: landholdings, land tenure, and land reforms

Institutional factors: landholdings, land tenure, and land reforms

10:31

Due to the growing population and increasing demand for food. The government of India introduced three major reforms after independence to rural economy strong and eradicate poverty.

First Phase; from 1950 to 1965;

  • Institutional Reform on landholding, land tenure, and land reforms.

Second Phase; from 1965 to 1985;

  • Agriculture technology reforms are the green revolution, the white revolution.
  • Focus on irrigation and fertilizer, and seed infrastructure.

Third phase: 1985 to present;

Comprehensive land development that includes both institutional and technical reforms.

Focus on:

  • Provision of crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire, disease
  • Establishing Gramin Bank and co-operative bank
  • Lower rate of interest
  • Kissan Credit Card( KCC)
  • Minimum Support Price(MSP)

 

Institutional factors: landholdings, land tenure, and land reforms:

  • Abolition of Zamindari System
  • Tenancy abolition and regulations acts
  • Land ceiling act

Abolition of Zamindari System:

Britishers imposed heavy taxes on Agriculture. Three systems were made to collect tax from agriculture;

  • Mahalwary System
  • Ryotwari system
  • Zamindari System

Removal of a layer of intermediaries between cultivator and state.

Positive Impacts:

  • Superior rights of Zamindar over land taken out leads to two results;
    • More than 2 lakh farmers came to direct connect with the government
    • It made India economically and politically strong.
  • Most effective and most areas of success

However, the Zamindari system did not remove landlordism and tenancy. It only removes the upper layer.

Tenancy abolition and regulations acts:

  • Tenants:
    • Cultivators who lease land from landowners.
  • Through the Tenancy Act, the landlord can not arbitrarily impost rent from tenants' farmers. There will be upper limits that were fixed by state governments.
  • Either tenancy was removed or regulated rent to give security to tenants.
  • Only Kerala and West Bengal effectively implemented Tenancy laws.

Land ceiling Act:

Imposed upper limits of the amount of land that can be owned by a particular family.

The state would take surplus land higher than ceiling limits

Not effective:

  • Many loopholes, many landlords were able to escape by diving lands to relative names
  • Benami transfer to servants
  • Some landlord divorces their wives on paper to transfer the land but continue to live with them.
  • Progress of land reforms has been uneven across the country


Present status on Landholding

As per the 10th agriculture census 2015-16;

  • 86.2 % of farmers belong to small and marginal farmers having less than 2 hectares of landholding 47.3 % of total agriculture areas of India.
  • 13.2 % of all farmer belongs to Semi-medium and a medium having land between 2 to 10 hectares owns 43.6 % of crop areas.
  • More land was fragmented between 2010-11 to 2015-16.
Try to solve the following questions:
  • Explain how the modernization of Indian agriculture is affected by unfavorable institutional factors with suitable examples. ( UPSC 2015, 200 words, 15 marks)

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