Problems of agrarian in India:
Agrarian distress is mainly due to low productivity[ supply-side distress] and low agriculture price in the market[ Demand-side problems].
Supply-side problems or low productivity dues to the following reasons:
- Degradation of land and productivity is declining due to:
- overuses of fertilizer, pesticides, and insecticides.
- Inefficient water management leads to logging and salinity.
- Growing water-intensive crops in water scarcity areas leads to the degradation of soil. For Example, rice cultivation in Punjab and Sugarcane cultivation in Maharashtra.
- Practices of mono-crops are increasing
- High input cost of HYV( high yielding variety) and fertilizer
- Drying aquifers and vanishing biodiversity is costing more to a small and marginal farmer
- Landholding size:
- Landholding size declined from 2.3 hectares in 1970-71 to 1.08 hectares in 2015-16.
- Marginal and small smarter hardly get Rs. 4000-5000 monthly from all sources whereas larger farmers earn more than Rs. 41,000 monthly.
- Climate change
Demand-side problems:
- Low and uncertain market prices
- Due to globalization after 1990, Indian farmers were exposed to new challenges and were not able to compete for the price in developed countries due to high subsidies for agriculture.
- Inflation in agriculture products is not much as compared to other commodities inflation.
The consequence of Agrarian distress;
- Farmer suicides
- Rural to urban migration
- Increasing rural-urban gap
- Declining socio-economic development of rural India.
What can be done to reduce the problems of agrarian;
- Farmer should diversify their cropping pattern and they should focus on high values crops such as fruits, Medicinal herbs, flowers, bio-diesel crops, etc. This will increase farmer income and reduce environmental degradation.
- Countries like Italy, Israel, Chile, etc are exporting high values crops such as fruits, olive oil, etc, and importing cereal crops products.
- Investment in infrastructures such as cold storage and research is needed.
- India usages three times more water for the same products from other countries such as China, Brazil, and the USA. Latest irrigation technology such as drip and sprinkle irrigation not only saves the water but also increases agricultural productivity and reduces environmental degradation.
- Climate-resilient crops and agriculture technology are needed.
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- भारत में विकास के लिए भू क्षरण एवं वनों का ह्रास दोनों ही चुनौतियां एवं मुद्दे हैं -उदाहरण सहित व्याख्या कीजिये।
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