As of now, tribal people are found everywhere in India except Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Chandigarh, and Puducherry.
The following are major problems in Tribal Areas:
- Land Alienation and forced migration:
- Due to selective development activities such as mining, industry setup, a town set up, Dam building, and other activities; lands of tribal people are being encroached and that leads to forces migration.
- Losing land means losing the source of income and forced to work as labor.
- Exploitation by outsides such as contractors and moneylender
- Lack of basic infrastructure due to rough terrain
- Economic activities are largely based on agriculture and allied activities such as sheep and goat rearing
- Hunger and malnutrition problems
- Health problems
- Lack of socio-economic development
Tribal welfare ministry is set up to develop for tribal communities.
The following are welfare schemes for tribal areas:
Integrated Tribal Development Project(ITDP):
It was launched under the tribal sub-plan in the fifth five-year plan( 1974-78). The strategy of ITDP varied from region to region to solving the local problems. However, the following are major objectives:
- Elimination of exploitation
- Improving Educational status
- Reducing the Poverty
- Improving the basic infrastructure such as Irrigation, schools, and hospital
Under this plan, the following activities are done:
- Development of transport and communication network such as road. bridge, railways, etc.
- Development of agricultural and allied activities such as irrigation
- Afforestation
- Plantation such as rubber, Cashew nut, etc
- Easy Loan for self-employment
- Skill enhancement programs such as Sewing, typing, hardware maintenance, electronics, electrical, Sculpture, etc.
- Social and common services such as
- School
- Health care facilities
- Potable water such as Hand Pump
- Electricity
Evaluation of the Integrated Tribal Development Project(ITDP):
The implication of ITDP in the Bharmour Tribal region, Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh:
- The female literacy rate rose from 1.88 % in 1971 to 65 % in 2011
- Gender inequality and the gap between the male literacy rate and female literacy rate declined
- Subsistence agriculture to cash crop
- Areas of pulse and cash crop increased
- Only 10 % of populate practice transhumance
TRIFED in 1987:
- TRIFED means " Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India" and it is for products made by tribal communities.
PESA act 1996:
- Panchyatraj extension to scheduled areas.
Forest Right Acts - 2006:
- Adequate ownership and power in the forest right.
Eklavya Model Residential Schools ( EMRS):
- More than 400 EMRS will set up by 2020 under the ministry of tribal affairs.
- The objective is to enable them to avail reservation in high and professional and jobs.
Van Dhan Vikas Kendra and Van bandhu Kalyan Yojana:
- The mechanism for Marketing of Minor Forest Production ( MFP) through Minimum Support Price.
Establishing Ashram Schools in tribal areas.
Van Bandhu Kalyan Yojna:
It is for the holistic development of tribal people socially, economically, culturally.
For a detailed explanation, watch the below video:
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