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Elaborate the origin of monsoon with reference to thermal and recent concepts.

Elaborate the origin of monsoon with reference to thermal and recent concepts.

15:11

 Question.

Elaborate on the origin of monsoon with reference to thermal and recent concepts. ( UPPSC 2020)

Answer. 

Monsoon is a seasonal wind of winds and the term monsoon was first used by the Arabic geographer Al Masoodi which is derived from the Arab word "weather".

The origin of monsoon winds is mainly due to the movement of the sun towards the north and south. There are many theories that explain the origin of the monsoon and none of the theories is able to fully explain the phenomenon of the monsoon.

Thermal Concept of Origin of Monsoon:

  • In 1686, Sir Edmund Halley tried to explain the origin of the monsoon on the basis of conventional knowledge of atmospheric circulation. According to Hailey:
  • Monsoon is nothing but the expansion of sea breeze and land-breeze on a large scale due to uneven heating and cooling of land and sea.
  • In summer, the Tropic of Cancer receives light perpendicularly to the Sun, which causes the Indian subcontinent to become hotter, and a low atmospheric condition develops over land, and a high atmospheric condition develops over the ocean, which results in air movement from the sea to land. It seems
  • In winter, the Sun is upwards at the Tropic of Capricorn, as a result, low atmospheric pressure develops over the ocean and high atmospheric conditions develop over the land, allowing wind to flow from land to sea.

Recent Concepts on Origin of Monsoon:

The thermal concept of the monsoon is criticized by many modern climatologists as not being able to explain both the dynamic nature of the monsoon and the intensity and duration of uneven rainfall. The recent concept of the origin of monsoon has tried to include several things in order to fully understand the origin and mechanism of monsoon.

Atmospheric factor

  • Role of ITCZ
  • the subtropical western jet stream
  • the tropical eastern jet stream
  • The high-pressure area east of Madagascar

Oceanic factor

  • El Nino
  • Na-Nina
  • Oceanic Nino Index (ONI)
  • Southern Oscillation (SO)
  • SOI - Southern Oscillation Index
  • ENSO – El Nio Southern Oscillation
  • Indian Ocean Dipole-IOD

Relief and mountains

  • Role of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau
  • Arakan mountain

The combination of all the above factors attempted to explain the origin of the monsoon.


Try to solve the following questions:
  • Discuss the major characteristics of the Indian monsoon with special emphasis on the causative factors( UPSC 1922)
  • Discuss the recent theories put forward to explain the origin and mechanism of the Indian Monsoon. ( UPSC, 1994)
  • Elucidate the mechanism of the Indian Monsoon( UPSC, 1999)
  • Explain the Origin, Mechanism, and characteristics of the Summer Monsoon in India. ( UPSC 2002)
  • Give a Critical account of the recent theories of the origin of the Indian monsoon with special reference to the Jet Stream Theory. (UPSC, 2006)
  • Discuss the mechanism and origin of Monsoon winds and explain the role of El Nino on Monsoon circulation. ( UPSC, 2008)
  • Discuss the mechanism of the Indian Monsoon (UPSC 2013)
  • Discuss the nature and origin of the Indian monsoon and recent techniques for its prediction. ( UPSC, 2014)
  • Give a reasonable account of the Unusual Pattern of Distribution of Monsoonal rainfall in India. ( UPSC, 2017)
  • Why is the monsoon erratic in nature? Explain. ( UPSC 2019)
  • Explain the origin, progress, and retreat of the Indian monsoon and discuss its impact on the Indian economy. (UPSC 2018, 250 words, 20 marks)
  • Elaborate on the origin of monsoon with reference to thermal and recent concepts. ( UPPSC 2020)

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