Question.
Write a detailed note on the Petroleum resources of India.
(NCERT class 12 geography, India People and Economy, Chapter-7-Mineral and Energy Resources)
Answer.
Petroleum resources are non-conventional sources of energy resources and their use is not sustainable as they are exhaustible and polluting energy sources.
Crude petroleum is a hydrocarbon that varies in chemical composition and color and is found in liquid and gaseous states.
Distribution of Petroleum Resources in India:
- ONGC (Oil and Natural Gas Commission) was established in 1956 for the exploration and production of oil in India.
- There is a huge shortage of petroleum resources in India and what is there is found in the sedimentary rocks of the Tertiary period.
- Petroleum resources in India are found in Assam, Gujarat, Mumbai Coast, and Krishna-Godavari basins.
- In Assam, Digboi, Naharkatiya, and Moran are important oil-producing areas.
- In Gujarat, the major oil fields are Ankleshwar, Kalol, Mehsana, Navagam, Kosamba, and Lunej.
- Mumbai High is also an offshore oil field that was discovered in 1973 and is located 160 kilometers off the Mumbai coast.
- Oil and natural gas are also found in the Krishna-Godavari and Cauvery basins in eastern India.
Use of Petroleum Resources:
- Petroleum is an essential source of energy for all internal combustion engines in automobiles, railways, and aircraft.
- By-products of petroleum are used in petrochemical industries (fertilizer industries, synthetic fibers and rubber, medicines, vaseline, lubricants, waxes, soaps, and cosmetics).
- It is called liquid gold because of the scarcity and diverse uses of petroleum.
The oil extracted from wells contains many impurities and needs to be refined before use. Refinery There are two types of refineries based on the location of industries – field-based (Digboi's refinery) and market-based (Barauni's refinery).
Following are the major oil refineries in India:
- Bathinda (Punjab)
- Panipat (Haryana)
- Mathura (Uttar Pradesh)
- Barauni (Bihar)
- Bongoa, Guwahati, Numaligarh, and Digboi (Assam)
- Bina (Madhya Pradesh)
- Haldia (West Bengal)
- Jamnagar, Vadiner, Koyli (Gujarat)
- Mumbai (Maharashtra)
- Mangaluru (Karnataka)
- Visakhapatnam and Tatipaka (Andhra Pradesh)
- Kochi (Kerala)
- Chennai and Nagapattinam (Tamil Nadu)
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