Question.
What are the positive and negative consequences of migration?
(NCERT class 12 geography, India People and Economy, Chapter-2: Migration: Types, Causes, and Consequences.)
Answer.
Migration means the change of residence of people temporarily or permanently. Migration has both positive and negative consequences.
Following are the positive results of migration:
- Migration redistributes the population and makes the region an optimally populated region. Migration causes people to move from more populated areas (areas where economic opportunities are less) to less populated areas (areas where economic opportunities are sufficient).
- Source regions benefit from remittance and destination regions also benefit from cheap labor. For example, in 2021, India received US$87 billion (in 2002, it was US$11 billion) as funding from international remittances. Thousands of poor in states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh benefit from the remittance. Hence, migration helps people to improve their quality of life.
- Rural to urban migration contributes to the growth of cities. Most of the urbanization in India is due to rural to urban migration.
- Through migration, girls' education, knowledge, technology, etc. spread from urban to rural areas.
- Migration refers to the development of a mixed culture by mixing different cultures together.
Following are the negative consequences of migration:
- Selective migration causes an imbalance in the sex ratio in both the source and destination regions. For example, rural areas of Bihar have a higher female population and more males in urban centers such as Mumbai and Delhi.
- Uncontrolled migration can lead to over-exploitation of natural resources in a populated area, which creates problems like depletion of groundwater, air pollution, sewage, etc. Nowadays most Indian cities are suffering from this.
- In rural India, rural to urban migration leads to the loss of the best mind and workforce leading to increasing regional imbalances. Due to international migration, people with India's best minds and workforce go abroad.
- Rural to urban migration creates problems related to slums in the urban center.
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