Question.
Give two reasons for low levels of Human Development in most of the Northern States of India.
(NCERT class 12 geography, India People and Economy, Chapter-3: Human Development)
Answer.
In India, the Human Development Index is calculated by NITI Aayog (earlier by the Planning Commission). According to Human Development Report 2011, most of the northern states of India such as Chhattisgarh (Rank: 23), Orissa (22), Bihar (21), Madhya Pradesh (20), Jharkhand (19), Uttar Pradesh (18), and Rajasthan ( 17) Human development is the lowest among other Indian states.
The following are the reasons for the low level of human development in most of the northern states of India:
- The literacy rate is very low in the northern states and there is a wide gap between female and male literacy rates. For example, as per the 2011 census, Bihar's overall literacy rate is 63.82% while the female literacy rate is only 53.33%.
- The level of economic development such as urbanization and per capita income is very low in the northern states of India. For example, Bihar has only 11.30% urbanization, Odisha (16.68%), Chhattisgarh (23.34%), Uttar Pradesh (22.28%), etc.
- Due to the colonial past, there is a huge regional disparity in economy, politics, and society in most of the northern states of India.
Due to the above reasons, most of the states of northern India have low levels of human development.
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