Question.
Name the four main components of human development?
(Class 12 geography, Fundamentals of Human Geography, Chapter - 4. Human Development )
Answer.
The concept of human development was developed by Mahbub-ul-Haq and Amartya Sen. Human development enhances the choices of people and enables them to lead a decent life.
There are four main components of human development:
- Equality
- Sustainability
- Productivity
- Empowerment
Equality means providing equal access to opportunities available to all irrespective of race, caste, religion, and socio-economic status. A large number of school dropouts in India belong to socially and economically backward groups. This indicates that people's choices tend to be limited on the basis of their socioeconomic status.
Sustainability means that even if the government and society change with time, the availability of resources should not decrease in any generation. Misusing any resources like natural resources, political power, corporate governance, etc can create fewer opportunities for the coming generations. For example, if a particular society does not allow the present generation of girls to get an education, then the girls of the present generation will be backward from others as well as they will be deprived of many opportunities when they are young. Therefore, providing equal opportunities to each generation is a component of human development.
Productivity means increasing human productivity by increasing knowledge and health facilities. People are the real asset of the nation because it is the population that makes use of other resources. The country is known for its people and not for resources like gold. A productive population makes a nation great.
Empowerment means having the freedom/power to make choices. Empowerment comes from increasing independence and competence. Good governance and people-centered policies are tools of empowerment.
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