1. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI) is based on the phenomenon of
a) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
b) Electron Spin Resonance
c) Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
d) Diamagnetism of Human tissues
Answer. a) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ;
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique that uses nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) principles to create detailed images of the internal structures of the human body. It relies on the interaction between the nuclei of hydrogen atoms in water molecules and a strong magnetic field.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a fundamental technique used in chemistry and physics to study the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei. It forms the basis for MRI but is also used in spectroscopy to analyze chemical compounds.
Electron spin resonance (ESR), also known as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), is a spectroscopic technique that examines the magnetic properties of unpaired electrons in molecules. It's used in various fields, including chemistry and biology, to study free radicals and paramagnetic species.
Diamagnetism is a property of all materials, including human tissues, that causes them to be weakly repelled by a magnetic field.
2. Radioactivity is measured by ( UPPSC PYQ)
a) Hydrometer
b) Geiger Counter
c) Seismometer
d) Ammeter
Answer. b) Geiger Counter;
Radioactivity is typically measured using instruments such as a Geiger-Muller counter or scintillation detector. These devices can detect and measure ionizing radiation emitted by radioactive materials. The unit of measurement for radioactivity is the becquerel (Bq), which represents one radioactive decay event per second. Other common units include the curie (Ci) and the disintegrations per minute (dpm). These measurements help assess the level of radioactivity in a substance or environment for various purposes, including safety and regulatory compliance.
3. Radioactivity was discovered by
a) Rutherford
b) Becquerel
c) Bohr
d) Madam Curie
Answer. b) Becquerel;
Radioactivity was discovered by Henri Becquerel in 1896. He observed that certain uranium compounds emitted penetrating rays that could expose photographic plates, even when they were kept in the dark. This accidental discovery paved the way for further research by scientists like Marie Curie and Pierre Curie, who identified other radioactive elements like radium and polonium. Their groundbreaking work in the early 20th century led to a deeper understanding of radioactivity and its implications for physics and medicine.
4. The substance used as the moderator and coolant, in nuclear reactors is
a) Ordinary water
b) Heavy water
c) Liquid Ammonia
d) Liquid Hydrogen
Answer. b) Heavy water;
In nuclear reactors, moderators and coolants serve distinct but important roles:
Moderator: A moderator is a material used in some types of nuclear reactors to slow down fast-moving neutrons produced during nuclear fission. Slowing down the neutrons makes them more likely to cause additional fission reactions, sustaining the nuclear chain reaction. Common moderators include water (in light water reactors), heavy water (in heavy water reactors), and graphite. The choice of moderator depends on the reactor design.
Coolant: A coolant is a substance used to remove the heat generated during nuclear fission reactions. It circulates through the reactor core, carrying away the heat to prevent overheating of the fuel and reactor components. Common coolants include water, heavy water, and gases like helium or carbon dioxide. The choice of coolant also depends on the specific reactor design and its intended purpose.
5. Heavy water
a) Contains more dissolved air
b) Contains deuterium in place of hydrogen
c) Contains more dissolved miners and salts
d) Contains organic impurities
Answer. b) Contains deuterium in place of hydrogen;
Heavy water, also known as deuterium oxide (D2O), is a form of water where the hydrogen atoms (H) are replaced by deuterium atoms (D), which are isotopes of hydrogen. Deuterium is heavier than normal hydrogen due to the presence of an extra neutron in its nucleus.
Here are some key points about heavy water:
Composition: Heavy water has the chemical formula D2O, meaning it consists of two deuterium atoms and one oxygen atom.
Properties: Heavy water has similar chemical properties to regular water (H2O) but is denser and has a slightly different boiling and freezing point. It is odorless, tasteless, and colorless.
Uses: Heavy water has various industrial and scientific applications. It is used as a neutron moderator in some types of nuclear reactors, helping to slow down neutrons and maintain a nuclear chain reaction. It is also used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and as a tracer in certain scientific experiments.
6. The hydrogen bomb was developed by
a) Edward Taylor
b) Wernher Von Braun
c) J Robert Oppen Heimer
d) Samuel Cohen
Answer. a) Edward Taylor;
The hydrogen bomb, also known as the thermonuclear bomb or H-bomb, was not "discovered" by any single individual. It was developed through the collaborative efforts of several scientists and engineers during the mid-20th century, notably during the Cold War arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union.
The concept of the hydrogen bomb builds upon the principles of nuclear fusion, where atomic nuclei combine to release a tremendous amount of energy. American physicist Edward Teller is often associated with advocating for the development of the hydrogen bomb, and he played a significant role in its theoretical development.
The first successful test of a hydrogen bomb was conducted by the United States in 1952, as part of Operation Ivy. This test, known as "Ivy Mike," demonstrated the feasibility of the hydrogen bomb concept.
7. Enhanced Uranium is
a) Uranium rods placed in a special shell
b) Natural uranium in which the component of the radioactive U235 isotope is artificially enhanced
c) Mixture of natural uranium and thorium
d) Uranium sticks coated with chromium
Answer. b) Natural uranium in which the component of the radioactive U235 isotope is artificially enhanced;
Enriched Uranium: Enriched uranium is uranium in which the concentration of the isotope uranium-235 (U-235) is increased above its natural abundance. Natural uranium contains primarily two isotopes, U-238 and U-235, with U-238 being the more abundant one. Enrichment processes are used to increase the proportion of U-235.
Enriched uranium is crucial for various nuclear applications, including the production of nuclear fuel for nuclear power plants and the manufacture of nuclear weapons. The level of enrichment can vary depending on the intended use. Low-enriched uranium (LEU) is used in nuclear power plants, while highly enriched uranium (HEU) is associated with military and research applications.
8. The official code name of the Pokharan nuclear test 1974-
a) Smiling Buddha
b) Thunder Bolt
c) Flying Garud
d) Agni Pareeksha
Answer. a) Smiling Buddha;
The Pokhran-I nuclear test, codenamed "Smiling Buddha," was conducted by India on May 18, 1974. It marked India's first successful nuclear test and made India the sixth country in the world to possess nuclear weapons. Here are some key details about the Pokhran-I test:
Location: The test was conducted at the Pokhran Test Range in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan, India.
Device: The nuclear device used in the test was a fission bomb with a yield estimated to be around 8 to 12 kilotons of TNT equivalent. It was a plutonium implosion-type bomb.
Motivation: The test was conducted for strategic and security reasons, and it was viewed as a demonstration of India's nuclear capabilities.
The test was met with various international reactions, including concerns and condemnations. It led to changes in international non-proliferation efforts and nuclear policies.
The test was a source of national pride for many Indians and has had significant implications for India's defense and foreign policy.
9. "Operation Shakti-98" is the name-
a) Given to nuclear test carried out a Pokharan in 1998
b) Given to air exercises carried out by Indian Air Force SU 30 planes
c) Given to the pro-active Programme of the Union Home Minister to contain terrorism in J&K
d) Given military action against extremists in Tripura
Answer. a) Given to nuclear test carried out a Pokharan in 1998;
Operation Shakti, which took place in 1998, was a series of nuclear tests conducted by India. These tests marked India's second round of nuclear weapon tests, the first being the Pokhran-I test in 1974 (Smiling Buddha). Operation Shakti consisted of a series of five nuclear explosions carried out in May 1998. Here are some key details:
Location: Similar to the 1974 tests, the Operation Shakti tests were conducted at the Pokhran Test Range in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan, India.
India officially cited strategic reasons and the need to maintain its national security as the primary motivation for conducting these tests. They were carried out in response to global developments and security concerns.
The tests included both fission and thermonuclear (hydrogen bomb) devices. India declared that these tests made it a nuclear weapons state.
The tests were met with strong international reactions, including condemnation and sanctions by various countries. They also sparked concerns about nuclear proliferation and regional security.
Within India, the tests were seen as a demonstration of its nuclear capabilities and a matter of national pride.
Operation Shakti significantly altered the regional security dynamics in South Asia, as it prompted Pakistan to conduct its own nuclear tests shortly thereafter in response. These events escalated concerns about nuclear proliferation and had far-reaching implications for global non-proliferation efforts and international relations.
10. With reference to the radioactivity, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. Radioactivity is a nuclear property.
2. A hydrogen bomb is prepared on the principle of nuclear fission.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below. ( UPPSC PYQ)
Codes:
a) only 1
b) only 2
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer. a) only 1;
A hydrogen bomb, also known as a thermonuclear bomb or H-bomb, is a type of nuclear weapon that derives its destructive power from the process of nuclear fusion, specifically the fusion of isotopes of hydrogen, such as deuterium and tritium.
Fusion Reaction: The fundamental principle behind a hydrogen bomb is the fusion of atomic nuclei. In the case of hydrogen bombs, isotopes of hydrogen, typically deuterium and tritium, are combined under extreme heat and pressure to form helium and release a tremendous amount of energy.
Two-Stage Device: Hydrogen bombs are typically two-stage devices. The first stage is a fission bomb, similar to an atomic bomb (A-bomb), which is used to create the high temperatures and pressures needed for the fusion reaction in the second stage.
Hydrogen bombs are significantly more powerful than atomic bombs. They can yield explosive forces in the megaton range, equivalent to millions of tons of TNT, whereas atomic bombs are typically in the kiloton range.
Destructive Capabilities: Due to their high yield, hydrogen bombs are capable of causing widespread destruction, including massive explosions, firestorms, and radioactive fallout. They are among the most powerful weapons ever created.
11. The energy of the sun is produced by
a) Nuclear fusion
b) Oxidation
c) Gravitation
d) Nuclear fission
Answer. a) Nuclear fusion;
Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion are two fundamental nuclear processes that release energy, but they operate in distinctly different ways:
1. Nuclear Fission:
Nuclear fission is the process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei, along with the release of a large amount of energy.
Common fissionable materials include uranium-235 (U-235) and plutonium-239 (Pu-239).
Fission can trigger a chain reaction, where one fission event leads to subsequent fission events, releasing a substantial amount of energy.
Fission is used in nuclear power plants to generate electricity and in nuclear weapons. Controlled fission reactions are used to produce electricity by heating water to create steam, which drives turbines.
2. Nuclear Fusion:
Nuclear fusion is the process in which two light atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing a tremendous amount of energy in the process.
Fusion commonly involves isotopes of hydrogen, such as deuterium (D) and tritium (T), which combine to form helium.
Fusion reactions require extremely high temperatures and pressures, typically in the range of millions of degrees Celsius, to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between positively charged atomic nuclei.
Fusion has the potential for peaceful applications, such as providing a nearly limitless and clean source of energy, as it generates energy from abundant isotopes and produces minimal radioactive waste.
12. "Solar Energy" is due to
a) Fusion reaction
b) Fission reaction
c) Chemical reaction
d) Combustion reaction
Answer. a) Fusion reaction
13. Consider the following statements
Statement ( A): Ernest Rutherford said before the Royal Society that nuclear power would never be available to man.
Reason ( B): He believed that the law of Einstein would fail and quantity would not be converted into energy
Select your answer from the code scheme given below:
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true, but R is false
d) A is false, but R is true
Answer. a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
14. Cyclotrons are used to accelerate-
a) Neutrons
b) Protons
c) Atoms
d) Ions
Answer. b) Protons;
Cyclotrons are a type of particle accelerator used in the field of nuclear physics and particle therapy in medicine. They were first developed in the 1930s by physicists Ernest O. Lawrence and M. Stanley Livingston. Cyclotrons are designed to accelerate charged particles, typically protons or ions, to high energies for various scientific and medical purposes.
Cyclotrons use a combination of electric and magnetic fields to accelerate charged particles in a circular or spiral path. As the particles spiral outward, they gain energy until they reach the desired energy level.
Cyclotrons can accelerate particles to relativistic speeds, close to the speed of light. This high energy allows for experiments in nuclear and particle physics and for medical applications.
Cyclotrons play a crucial role in medical particle therapy, particularly in the treatment of cancer. They can accelerate protons or heavy ions to treat tumors with precision while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue.
Cyclotrons are used to produce radioisotopes for medical diagnostics and research. By bombarding target materials with high-energy particles, specific radioisotopes can be created for various applications, including medical imaging and cancer treatment.
Cyclotrons are important tools for studying nuclear reactions, fundamental particle physics, and the behavior of matter at high energies. They have contributed to our understanding of the atomic nucleus and subatomic particles.
15. The stars get their energy-
1. By nuclear fusion
2. By Gravitational contraction
3. By Chemical reaction
4. By nuclear fission
Select your answer from the code given below-
Code:
a) 1 and 2
b) 1,2, and 3
c) 1 and 4
d) 2 and 4
Answer. a) 1 and 2;
Stars get their energy primarily from nuclear fusion, a process that occurs in their cores.
Hydrogen Fusion: Most stars, including our Sun, primarily consist of hydrogen gas. In their cores, where the pressure and temperature are incredibly high due to the gravitational forces, hydrogen nuclei (protons) undergo a series of nuclear fusion reactions.
Nuclear Fusion Reactions: The primary fusion reaction in stars is the conversion of hydrogen into helium. In this process, four hydrogen nuclei (protons) combine to form one helium nucleus. This fusion process releases a tremendous amount of energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light.
Energy Production: The energy released during nuclear fusion in a star's core is what provides the star with its heat and light. This energy counteracts the gravitational force trying to compress the star, maintaining its stability and preventing gravitational collapse.
16. What is a nuclear reactor?
a) Atomic bomb manufacturing site
b) Heavy water pond
c) Emitter of U238
d) Molecular furnace
Answer. d) Molecular furnace;
A nuclear reactor is a complex system designed to harness the energy produced by nuclear fission, a process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei, releasing a significant amount of energy in the form of heat. This heat is then used to generate electricity or perform various industrial processes.
Fuel: Nuclear reactors use specific materials known as nuclear fuel, typically uranium-235 (U-235) or plutonium-239 (Pu-239). These materials are chosen because they are fissile, meaning they can undergo nuclear fission when struck by neutrons.
Control Rods: Control rods made of materials like boron or cadmium are used to regulate the rate of fission reactions by absorbing neutrons. Inserting control rods into the reactor core reduces the number of neutrons available for further fission, slowing down the reaction. Conversely, withdrawing them increases the reaction rate.
Moderator: In some reactor designs, a moderator is used to slow down fast-moving neutrons produced during fission. Slower neutrons are more likely to cause additional fission reactions. Common moderators include water and graphite.
Coolant: A coolant circulates through the reactor core to remove the heat generated during fission. Common coolants include water, heavy water, or gases like helium or carbon dioxide. The heat transferred by the coolant is used to produce steam, which drives turbines to generate electricity.
Reactor Vessel: The reactor core, containing the nuclear fuel, control rods, and coolant, is housed within a robust container called the reactor vessel. This vessel is designed to contain radiation and withstand high temperatures and pressures.
Safety Systems: Nuclear reactors are equipped with multiple safety systems and backup mechanisms to ensure safe operation and prevent accidents. These systems include emergency cooling, containment structures, and redundant control systems.
Waste Management: Nuclear reactors produce radioactive waste as a byproduct of fission. Proper disposal and management of nuclear waste are critical aspects of nuclear reactor operation.
17. Consider the following statements regarding nuclear fusion reactors:
1. They operate on the principle of fragmentation of heavy nuclei
2. They usually have a tokamak design
3. They operate at very high temperatures
among these
a) Only 1 and 3 are correct
b) Only 1 and 2 are correct
c) Only 2 and 3 are correct
d) All three I, II, and II are correct
Answer. c) Only 2 and 3 are correct;
Nuclear fusion reactors are advanced energy systems that aim to replicate the same process that powers the sun and stars—nuclear fusion. Unlike nuclear fission, which involves splitting atomic nuclei, nuclear fusion combines light atomic nuclei to release energy.
Abundant Fuel Supply: Deuterium, one of the primary fusion fuels, is abundant in nature. Tritium, while not naturally occurring in large quantities, can be produced from lithium, which is also widely available.
However, there are significant technical and engineering challenges associated with building practical nuclear fusion reactors:
High Temperatures and Pressure: Fusion requires extremely high temperatures (millions of degrees Celsius) and pressures to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between positively charged atomic nuclei. Containing and maintaining these conditions is a major challenge.
Confinement: Achieving and sustaining the necessary plasma confinement is crucial for a continuous fusion reaction. Various confinement methods, including magnetic confinement (like tokamaks and stellarators) and inertial confinement (using lasers or other high-energy devices), are being researched.
Energy Balance: Fusion reactors must produce more energy than they consume to be economically viable. This state, known as "ignition," has not yet been achieved in a controlled, sustained manner in a laboratory setting.
Materials and Radiation: The extreme conditions inside a fusion reactor can damage materials and create significant radiation, which poses engineering and safety challenges.
18. The difference between a nuclear reactor and an atomic bomb is that-
a) There is no chain reaction in a nuclear reactor whereas this happens in an atomic bomb
b) The chain reaction in the nuclear reactor is controlled
c) The chain reaction in the nuclear reactor is not controlled
d) Atom bomb is based on nuclear fusion whereas, in the nuclear reactor, nuclear fission occurs.
Answer. b) The chain reaction in the nuclear reactor is controlled ;
Nuclear reactors and atomic bombs are both related to nuclear reactions but have vastly different purposes, principles, and consequences:
Nuclear Reactor:
Purpose: Nuclear reactors are designed for controlled and sustained nuclear fission reactions, primarily to generate electricity or produce heat for industrial processes.
Reaction Type: Nuclear reactors use controlled nuclear fission, where the nucleus of an atom is split into smaller nuclei. The goal is to maintain a stable, controlled reaction over an extended period.
Energy Output: Nuclear reactors produce energy steadily and continuously. The energy generated is harnessed to generate electricity or provide heat for various applications.
Control Mechanisms: Reactors use control rods and other safety systems to regulate the rate of fission and maintain a stable reaction.
Safety: Safety is a paramount concern in nuclear reactors, with multiple layers of safety systems to prevent accidents, such as overheating or uncontrolled releases of radiation.
Waste: Reactors produce radioactive waste, which requires safe storage and disposal.
Atomic Bomb (Nuclear Weapon):
Purpose: Atomic bombs are designed for one purpose – to release a massive amount of energy in a very short time, typically in the form of an explosion.
Reaction Type: Atomic bombs use uncontrolled nuclear fission or, in the case of hydrogen bombs, nuclear fusion. The goal is to release as much energy as possible in a short period.
Energy Output: Atomic bombs produce an intense and destructive explosion, with energy released within milliseconds.
Control Mechanisms: Atomic bombs are deliberately designed to operate without control mechanisms to ensure maximum energy release.
Safety: Safety is not a consideration in atomic bombs, as their purpose is to cause devastation.
Consequences: The use of atomic bombs results in catastrophic destruction, casualties, and radioactive fallout, with long-lasting environmental and health effects.
19. Which one of the following can not be used as a nuclear fuel?
a) Uranium
b) Thorium
c) Calcium
d) Plutonium
Answer. c) Calcium;
Nuclear fuels are materials that can undergo nuclear fission, releasing a significant amount of energy. Here are some examples of nuclear fuels commonly used in nuclear reactors:
Uranium-235 (U-235): U-235 is one of the primary nuclear fuels used in nuclear reactors. It's fissile, meaning it can undergo nuclear fission when bombarded with neutrons. Natural uranium consists mostly of U-238 and a small percentage of U-235. In enriched uranium, the concentration of U-235 is increased to support sustained fission reactions.
Plutonium-239 (Pu-239): Pu-239 is another fissile material used as nuclear fuel. It can be produced in breeder reactors by irradiating natural or depleted uranium with neutrons. Pu-239 has been used in both nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons.
Thorium-232 (Th-232): Thorium-232 is fertile material that can be converted into fissile uranium-233 (U-233) through neutron capture. It can serve as a potential nuclear fuel in certain reactor designs, particularly in thorium-based reactors.
Deuterium (D) and Tritium (T): Deuterium (a heavy isotope of hydrogen) and tritium (an even heavier isotope of hydrogen) can be used as nuclear fuels in fusion reactors. They undergo nuclear fusion reactions at extremely high temperatures and pressures, releasing significant energy. Fusion reactions between deuterium and tritium are of particular interest for potential future fusion power plants.
Mixed Oxide (MOX) Fuel: MOX fuel is a blend of plutonium and uranium oxides. It can be used as fuel in some nuclear reactors, particularly in reactors designed to use recycled plutonium from spent nuclear fuel.
20. The working principle of the atomic bomb is nuclear fission of uranium and the working principle of the hydrogen bomb is -
a) Nuclear fusion of deuterium
b) Nuclear fission of thorium
c) Explosion of bomb involving hydrogen gas
d) Explosion involving dynamite and T.N.T
Answer. a) Nuclear fusion of deuterium;
Nuclear Fusion of Deuterium:
Nuclear fusion of deuterium involves the combination of deuterium nuclei (which are isotopes of hydrogen) to form helium.
Deuterium fusion is the basis for hydrogen bombs (thermonuclear bombs) and is also a potential future energy source. It occurs at extremely high temperatures and pressures, like those found in stars and in experimental fusion reactors.
In this process, two deuterium nuclei (D) combine to form helium-4 (He) and release a significant amount of energy, along with high-speed neutrons.
Nuclear Fission of Thorium:
Nuclear fission of thorium involves the splitting of thorium-232 (Th-232) nuclei when they absorb a neutron.
Unlike uranium-235, thorium-232 itself is not fissile but can be converted into fissile uranium-233 (U-233) through neutron capture.
In a nuclear reactor, when U-233 undergoes fission, it releases energy, additional neutrons, and fission products, producing heat used for various purposes, including electricity generation.
Explosion of a Hydrogen Gas Bomb (Hydrogen Bomb):
A hydrogen bomb (H-bomb) is a type of nuclear weapon that uses a two-stage process.
In the first stage, a fission bomb (often using plutonium) triggers an intense burst of energy, primarily in the form of X-rays, which irradiates and compresses a mixture of deuterium and tritium (hydrogen isotopes).
In the second stage, the high energy from the fission bomb ignites a fusion reaction in the deuterium and tritium, releasing a tremendous amount of energy, many times greater than that of the fission bomb alone.
Explosion Involving Dynamite and TNT:
Dynamite and TNT (Trinitrotoluene) are high-explosive materials used for various industrial and military purposes.
Explosions involving dynamite typically occur through chemical reactions when the explosive material is ignited or detonated. The rapid release of gases and energy generates explosive force.
TNT is another powerful explosive that releases energy through a chemical reaction when detonated. It's used in various applications, including demolition, mining, and military ordnance.
21. The hydrogen bomb is based on the principle of -
a) Controlled fusion reaction
b) Uncontrolled fusion reaction
c) Controlled fission reaction
d) Uncontrolled fission reaction
Answer. b) Uncontrolled fusion reaction;
Controlled Fusion Reaction:
A controlled fusion reaction is a nuclear reaction in which the process is carefully managed and sustained over time.
In controlled fusion, typically involving isotopes of hydrogen-like deuterium and tritium, conditions such as extremely high temperature and pressure are maintained to allow the nuclei to collide and fuse.
Controlled fusion is a potential future energy source and is being researched as a clean and abundant way to generate electricity. Experiments are conducted in specialized fusion reactors, like tokamaks and inertial confinement devices.
Uncontrolled Fusion Reaction:
An uncontrolled fusion reaction is a fusion reaction that occurs spontaneously and rapidly, releasing a massive amount of energy in an uncontrollable manner.
The most well-known uncontrolled fusion reactions happen in hydrogen bombs (thermonuclear bombs). These bombs use a fission explosion (controlled or uncontrolled) to trigger an uncontrolled fusion reaction, which releases an immense amount of energy in a very short time.
Uncontrolled fusion reactions are highly destructive and are used in weapons but not for peaceful energy generation.
Controlled Fission Reaction:
A controlled fission reaction is a nuclear reaction in which the rate of fission is carefully regulated to maintain a stable, controlled release of energy.
Nuclear reactors use controlled fission reactions by moderating and controlling the number of neutrons that induce fission in fissile materials like uranium-235 or plutonium-239.
Controlled fission is used for peaceful purposes such as generating electricity in nuclear power plants.
Uncontrolled Fission Reaction:
An uncontrolled fission reaction is a fission reaction that occurs rapidly and uncontrollably, typically resulting in a violent explosion.
Nuclear weapons, such as atomic bombs, rely on uncontrolled fission reactions. These bombs use mechanisms that bring together enough fissile material rapidly to achieve an uncontrolled chain reaction, releasing a devastating amount of energy.
Uncontrolled fission reactions are highly destructive and are used in weapons.
22. What are the links between Dhruva, Purnima, and Cirus?
a) They are Indian research reactors
b) They are stars
c) These are names of famous books
d) They are power plants
Answer. a) They are Indian research reactors;
Dhruva Reactor:
Dhruva is a nuclear research reactor located at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in Mumbai, India.
It's one of India's most important research reactors and plays a key role in nuclear physics, nuclear engineering, and scientific research.
Dhruva is used for neutron scattering experiments, isotope production, and various other scientific applications.
Purnima Reactor:
Purnima was a series of research reactors in India. Purnima-I, Purnima-II, and Purnima-III were all part of this series.
These reactors were used for research, particularly in the fields of nuclear physics, nuclear materials, and nuclear engineering. Purnima-I, for instance, was used for neutron radiography and activation analysis.
CIRUS Reactor:
CIRUS (Canada-India Reactor, U.S.) was a research reactor supplied by Canada to India in the 1950s.
23. The Indira Gandhi Atomic Research Centre is located in
a) Maharashtra
b) Tamil Nadu
c) Uttar Pradesh
d) Karnataka
Answer. b) Tamil Nadu;
India has several major atomic research centers dedicated to nuclear research, development, and related activities.
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC):
Located in Mumbai, BARC is one of India's premier nuclear research institutions. It conducts research in various fields, including nuclear physics, nuclear engineering, nuclear materials, and nuclear technology. BARC is responsible for India's nuclear power program, nuclear weapons development, and various peaceful applications of nuclear science and technology.
Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR):
Situated in Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, IGCAR is another key nuclear research center in India. It specializes in fast breeder reactor technology, nuclear fuel cycle research, and development of advanced nuclear materials.
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC):
Located in Kolkata, VECC is dedicated to nuclear physics research. It houses a variable energy cyclotron accelerator used for particle physics experiments and nuclear structure studies.
Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT):
Based in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, RRCAT focuses on advanced research in lasers, accelerators, and related technologies. It has played a significant role in developing accelerator-based applications for science and industry.
Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC):
NFC, headquartered in Hyderabad, is responsible for the production of nuclear fuel assemblies and associated components for India's nuclear power reactors.
Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD):
AMD, headquartered in Hyderabad, is responsible for the exploration and research of atomic minerals and rare-earth minerals in India.
24. Which of the following is not correctly matched?
a) Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research - Kalpakkam
b) Atomic Minerals directorate for exploration and Research - Hyderabad
c) Harishchandra Research Institute - Chennai
d) Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics - Kolkata
Answer. c) Harishchandra Research Institute - Chennai;
25. Heavy Water is manufactured in India at?
a) Trombay
b) Assam
d) Delhi
d) Bhilai
Answer. a) Trombay;
India produces heavy water, also known as deuterium oxide (D2O), for various applications, including its use as a moderator in certain types of nuclear reactors. The production of heavy water in India is carried out by the Heavy Water Board (HWB), a constituent unit of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).
Talcher Heavy Water Plant (THWP): Located in Odisha, this plant has a production capacity of heavy water.
Kota Heavy Water Plant (KHWP): Situated in Rajasthan, this plant also produces heavy water.
Baroda Heavy Water Plant (BHWP): Located in Gujarat, this plant is involved in heavy water production.
Manuguru Heavy Water Plant (MHWP): In Telangana, this plant plays a role in heavy water production.
Tuticorin Heavy Water Plant (THWP): Located in Tamil Nadu, this plant is part of the heavy water production network.
Safety and Environmental Considerations: The production and handling of heavy water involve safety and environmental considerations, and the facilities adhere to strict safety protocols and regulations.
26. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List I List II
( Nuclear Power Center) ( State with location)
A. Kalpakkam 1. Uttar Pradesh
B. Narora 2. Gujarat
C. Kakrapar 3. Tamil Nadu
D. Trombay 4. Maharashtra
Codes:
A B C D
a) 1 2 3 4
b) 3 1 2 4
c) 3 1 4 2
d) 2 3 4 1
Answer. b) 3 1 2 4;
India has several nuclear power plants and centers that play a crucial role in the country's energy generation. Here is a list of some of the major nuclear power centers in India:
Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS):
Location: Tarapur, Maharashtra
Details: TAPS was India's first nuclear power station and houses both TAPS-1 and TAPS-2 units, which are PHWRs.
Kaiga Atomic Power Station:
Location: Kaiga, Karnataka
Details: Kaiga has multiple units, including Kaiga-1, Kaiga-2, Kaiga-3, and Kaiga-4, all of which are PHWRs.
Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS):
Location: Kakrapar, Gujarat
Details: KAPS consists of KAPS-1 and KAPS-2, both PHWR units.
Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS):
Location: Rawatbhata, Rajasthan
Details: RAPS includes several units, such as RAPS-1, RAPS-2, RAPS-3, RAPS-4, and more. It's one of India's largest nuclear power complexes.
Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS):
Location: Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu
Details: MAPS includes several PHWR units and the PFBR, which is an experimental fast breeder reactor.
Narora Atomic Power Station (NAPS):
Location: Narora, Uttar Pradesh
Details: NAPS has two PHWR units, NAPS-1 and NAPS-2.
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant:
Location: Kudankulam, Tamil Nadu
Details: Kudankulam is one of India's newest nuclear power complexes, and it houses multiple PWR units, including KKNPP-1 and KKNPP-2, with additional units under construction.
Bhavini Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR):
Location: Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu
Details: The FBTR is a test reactor designed to demonstrate the feasibility of fast breeder technology.
Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR):
Location: Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu
Details: IGCAR is a leading nuclear research center in India involved in various aspects of nuclear science and technology development.
27. The atomic power plants are located at
Select the correct answer from the codes given below-
1. Narora
2. Ghatshilla
3. Kalpakkam
4. Nangal
Codes:
a) 2 and 4
b) 1 and 3
c) only 4
d) only 2
Answer. b) 1 and 3;
India has several nuclear power plants (atomic power plants) that are responsible for generating electricity through nuclear fission. Here is a list of the major nuclear power plants in India:
Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS):
Location: Tarapur, Maharashtra
Details: TAPS was India's first nuclear power station.
Kaiga Atomic Power Station:
Location: Kaiga, Karnataka
Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS):
Location: Kakrapar, Gujarat
Details: KAPS consists of KAPS-1 and KAPS-2, both PHWR units.
Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS):
Location: Rawatbhata, Rajasthan
Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS):
Location: Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu
Narora Atomic Power Station (NAPS):
Location: Narora, Uttar Pradesh
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (KKNPP):
Location: Kudankulam, Tamil Nadu
28. Which of the following nuclear plant IV of India is located in the seismic belt?
a) Kaiga
b) Kalpakkam
c) Narora
d) Tarapur
Answer. c) Narora;
The Narora Atomic Power Station (NAPS) is a nuclear power plant located in Narora, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is operated by the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), a government-owned corporation responsible for nuclear power generation in India.
29. What is true for the Kalpakkam Fast Breeder Reactor?
1. In it, only natural uranium is used as a fuel
2. In it, plutonium carbide and natural uranium carbide mixture are used as a fuel
3. More than 200 MW of atomic electricity would be produced from it.
Choose the correct answer from the following alternatives-
a) 1 and 2
b) 1 and 3
c) 2 and 3
d) 1,2, and 3
Answer. c) 2 and 3;
The Kalpakkam Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR), also known as the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), is an advanced nuclear reactor located at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) in Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India. The PFBR is a significant milestone in India's pursuit of fast breeder reactor technology, which has the potential to efficiently generate electricity and produce fissile material for future nuclear power plants.
30. Which one of the following is used as the coolant in the "Fast Breeder Test Reactor" at Kalpakkam?
a) Carbon dioxide
b) Heavy Water
c) Seawater
d) Molten Sodium
Answer. d) Molten Sodium;
The Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) at Kalpakkam, India, uses a sodium-potassium (NaK) alloy as its primary coolant. Sodium-potassium alloy, sometimes referred to as NaK, is commonly used as a coolant in fast breeder reactors due to its excellent heat transfer properties and resistance to radiation damage.
Sodium-Potassium Alloy (NaK): NaK coolant is a eutectic mixture of sodium (Na) and potassium (K). The specific composition of the alloy can vary, but it typically consists of approximately 78% sodium and 22% potassium by weight.
31. Which one of the following is used as a moderator in a nuclear reactor?
a) Thorium
b) Graphite
c) Radium
d) Ordinary Water
Answer. b) Graphite;
Graphite is commonly used as a moderator in certain types of nuclear reactors, particularly in reactors that use natural uranium or low-enriched uranium as fuel. The primary role of a moderator in a nuclear reactor is to slow down fast neutrons produced during nuclear fission, making them more likely to cause additional fission reactions.
Graphite as a Moderator: Graphite is a carbon-based material that contains layers of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It is an excellent moderator because it has the ability to slow down fast neutrons efficiently. When fast neutrons collide with carbon nuclei in the graphite lattice, they transfer some of their energy to the carbon nuclei, causing the neutrons to slow down.
32. Graphite is used in the Nuclear reactor as
a) Fuel
b) Lubricant
c) Moderator
d) None of these
Answer. c) Moderator
33. Which one of the following is used as a moderator in a nuclear reactor?
a) Thorium
b) Heavy water
c) Radium
d) Ordinary water
Answer. b) Heavy water;
Heavy water, also known as deuterium oxide (D2O), is often used as a moderator in certain types of nuclear reactors, particularly in pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs). The primary function of a moderator in a nuclear reactor is to slow down fast neutrons produced during nuclear fission so that they are more likely to induce additional fission reactions.
34. A Breeder reactor is that which-
a) Does not require fissionable material at all
b) Use only heavy water
c) Produces more fissionable material than it burns
d) None of these
Answer. c) Produces more fissionable material than it burns;
A breeder reactor is a type of nuclear reactor designed to produce more fissile material (typically plutonium-239 or uranium-233) than it consumes during its operation. These reactors are known for their ability to "breed" fuel while simultaneously generating energy.
Breeder reactors achieve fuel breeding by converting fertile material into fissile material. This is typically done by irradiating fertile material with neutrons in the reactor core. Neutrons are absorbed by the fertile material, which then undergoes nuclear transmutations, ultimately converting into fissile material.
35. Who is associated with the development of India's Atomic Bomb.
a) A.P.J Abdul Kalam
b) Homi Bhabha
c) Raja Rammanna
d) Kastoorirangan
Answer. c) Raja Rammanna;
The development of India's atomic bomb, specifically the successful testing of nuclear weapons in 1974 (Smiling Buddha) and 1998 (Pokhran-II), involved several key individuals, institutions, and scientists. Some of the prominent figures associated with India's nuclear weapons program include:
Dr. Homi J. Bhabha: Often referred to as the "father of the Indian nuclear program," Dr. Bhabha played a pivotal role in establishing India's nuclear research program. He was the founding director of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) and the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (later known as Bhabha Atomic Research Centre or BARC).
Dr. Raja Ramanna: Dr. Ramanna was a nuclear physicist who played a leading role in coordinating and overseeing India's first successful nuclear test, Smiling Buddha, in 1974. He served as the chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) during this period.
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam: Dr. Kalam, known as the "Missile Man of India," was a key figure in India's nuclear and missile development programs. He made significant contributions to the development of the indigenous nuclear-capable missile program, including the Agni and Prithvi missiles.
Dr. Vikram Sarabhai: Dr. Sarabhai was a pioneering scientist and the founder of India's space program. While not directly involved in nuclear weapons development, his vision and leadership contributed to the growth of India's scientific and technological capabilities, including nuclear research.
Dr. R. Chidambaram: Dr. Chidambaram, a renowned physicist, played a crucial role in the development of India's nuclear weapons program. He was associated with the Pokhran-I (Smiling Buddha) test in 1974 and the Pokhran-II test in 1998. He later served as the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission.
Dr. Homi K. Sethna: Dr. Sethna was the chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission during the time of the 1974 nuclear test, and he played a significant role in coordinating the activities related to the test.
36. Who is the author of " Nuclear Reactor Time Bomb"
a) C C Park
b) E P Odum
c) S Polasky
d) Takashi Hirose
Answer. d) Takashi Hirose;
37. Consider the following statements
Assertion A: India's nuclear policy incorporates its unpreparedness to open its nuclear plants to International inspection.
Reason R: India will not produce any nuclear bomb
Select your answer from the code given below
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation
c) A is true, but R is false
d) A is false, but R is true.
Answer. c) A is true, but R is false;
38. The first heavy water plant was established in
a) Bangalore
b) Bhopal
c) Nangal
d) Hyderabad
Answer. c) Nangal;
The first heavy water plant in India was established in Nangal, Punjab. The Nangal Heavy Water Plant (NHWPP) was a significant milestone in India's nuclear program and was commissioned in 1962. This plant played a crucial role in producing heavy water (deuterium oxide, D2O), which is used as a moderator in certain types of nuclear reactors, including pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs).
Since then, India has developed several other heavy water production facilities at different locations, such as Baroda, Tuticorin, and Kota, among others. These plants have contributed to India's nuclear power program, research, and scientific endeavors.
39. Which of these is used as a Controller rod in a Nuclear reactor?
a) Cadmium
b) Uranium
c) Plutonium
d) All of the above
Answer. a) Cadmium
Boron and Cadmium are used as controller rods in a nuclear reactor whereas Uranium and Plutonium are used as fuel in nuclear reactors.
Jadugora mine of Jharkhand is a famous mine of Uranium.
Uranium dating is used for finding the age of rock.
40.
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