Question.
What were the major technological changes introduced during the Sultanate period? How did those technological changes influence the Indian society?
(UPSC 2023 General Studies Paper 1 (Main) Exam, Answer in 150 words)
Answer.
Many technological changes took place during the Sultanate period in India ( 1206-1526 AD), which made a deep and permanent impact on Indian Society.
The following are major technological changes introduced and their influences on Indian Society:
Persian wheel ( Saqia):
The Persian Wheel or Rahat was introduced during the sultanate period for irrigation. This improved water management, leading to increased agricultural productivity.
Horticulture:
Firoz Shah Tughlaq ( 1351-1388 AD) introduced a new way of horticulture, he himself planted more than 1000 fruit gardens. This improved the productivity of fruits and vegetables.
Arches, Domes, and Sarai:
The introduction of Arches, Domes, and Sarai ( rest houses) significantly impacted the architectural landscape of India. Qutub Minar is one of the examples of Persian-style architecture. It led to the development of distinctive regional art and culture.
Charkha ( Spinning Wheel):
The introduction of Charka ( Spinning wheel) in the textile sector improved the cloth quality. It led to the development of the Khadi industry.
Paper and Glass:
Paper and glass-policing techniques improved due to the influences of Middle East Asia.
Urbanization:
The development of roads, textile and craft industries, and new cities in Delhi led to urbanization. It became a role model and hub of cultural and political activities.
Language evolution:
Urdu emerged as a blend of Persian, Arabic, and local dialects.
Gunpowder and firearms:
The introduction of gunpowder and firearms during this period impacted military strategies. It altered the dynamics of warfare and military tactics, impacting the political landscape.
In summary, new techniques like Chrakha and the Persian Wheel introduced during the Sultanate period had a deep and permanent impact on society. It helped reshape Indian Society, and it also reflected the dynamism and adaptability of Indian society.
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